Consonants:

• eliminate voiced stops

/p/ /t/ /k/ /m/ /n/ /h/ /ph/ /th/ /kh/ /θ/ /ð/ /s/ /r/ /l/ /j/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/

• affricatives
• labiodental

/ɸ/ /β/ /c/ /ch/ /ŋ/

Vowels:

Stress:

Fixed stress on first syllable

Phonological Constraints:

Vowel harmony:

Back: A, I, O, U Front: Ä, I, Ö, ,U, Ü Either: I, U

V1(C*)(C2) C1(C*)V*(V*)C2

V1 = [A, I, O, U] C1 = Everything but [p, t, k, kj] C2 = Everything but [ph, th, kh, kjh] (aspiration only appears at the front of a syllable)

Examples:

• Note that when a syllable is not the last syllable in a word, the nucleus normally must be followed by two consonants in order for the syllable to be closed.

Colours: According to Brent Berlin and Paul Kay's 1969 study Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution, distinct terms for brown, purple, pink, orange and grey will not emerge in a language until the language has made a distinction between green and blue. In their account of the development of color terms the first terms to emerge are those for white/black (or light/dark), red and green/yellow.

Negating prefix: näl/nal

Plural nouns: -in or -khin

Adjectives end in /t/ or /k/ Adjectives modifying adjectives: add suffix -in, or -ing if next syllable starts with a consonant except for /sh/, /zh/, /z/, /j/, /f/

Adjectives Light - bluk Dark - thak Small - phüzh·it Big - ran·at deep - a·dit beautiful - isht

Red - kjhär·ut Black - shar·ik White - khiur·ik Blue - az·al·rut Green - fäz·ul·rut Yellow/Gold - khil·län·nik Brown - light black - bluk·in·shar·ik Grey - dark white - thak·ing·khiur·ik Orange - light red - bluk·ing·kjhar·ut Purple - double blue - thoash·rik·in·az·al·rut

Single/Unique - unn·rik Double - thoash·rik

Powerful - nor·mak·ul

Numerals:

Zero - not-one - näl·unn One - unn Two - thoash

Derivations: profession - drop -u of verb (if stem ends in consonant), add suffix -(o/m)·isk place - tool - collection - diminutive - prefix with phü augmentative - prefix with ran·at inhabitant - like profession, but -am·isk·a verb to noun -> drop u, add -in (laulu -> laulin) form abstract noun -> -ith form a name -> -haakh

Verbs:

Infinitive suffix: -u

to kill - khäl·u to heal - län·it·u to sneak - zhup·u to make - faur·u to go, move - min·ud·u to rule - khom·rat·u to lead - ling·u to command - thshök·u to be able to - nor·mat·u to sing - laul·u

Nouns

person - om·isk

Warrior - one who kills - killperson - khäl·om·isk Healer - one who heals - healperson - län·it·om·isk Cleric - one who follows - Thief - one who sneaks - sneakperson - zhup·om·isk Maker, Creater - makeperson - faur·om·isk Baker - breadmakeperson Leader - ling·om·isk Ruler - khom·rat·om·isk Singer - laul·om·isk

Insubstative nouns: - iln Light - bluk·iln Darkness - thak·iln

Child - uk·op Descendent - mus

Air - läng Wind - äh

Child of the Air - läng·uk·op Child of the Wind - äh·uk·op Descendent of Air - längmus Descendent of Wind - ähmus

Castle - armoured-house Keep - small-castle Tower - tall-castle Moon - tun

Power - nor·mak·ing Land - Empire - command -> noun - thshök·ith - Tschökith Harmony - päif -> päif · ith - päifith Beautiful harmony -> isht - päifith -> Ishtäifith

all - kjhäl·lur some - it any - kjhäl·it none - njat one - njat·it

Someone - not-family - nal·ush Some family member - it·khush

Mother - mian·ush Father - phät·ush Sister - san·ush Brother - bain·ush

tree - lädh trees - lädh·in field - ak·or fields - ak·or·in farm - lar hill - ips / ipsin mountain - osk - oskin

iron - thsaam copper - fin gold - oth

bird - ki hawk - haz bear - urþ lion - töl boar - ons

water - ol river - olthääz lake - olif

Peoples' Names

-son -child/offspring -daughter -kin "descendent of ..." "from ..." "the ..." son of the king from colours (Flavius -> blond)

warrior lion - khäl·om·isk + töl - Khäl·om·isk·töl - Gälomöl servant of god - servant of __ - one who frowns a lot - untamed lion - boar-hard - high father - noble-ready - thorn - noble-wolf - prosperity + protection - defender of man - noble - harmony - bear - Urt bear man - iron blazing - lord generous - person; free man (Karl) - black - shar·ik - Sharik thin; narrow -

"Powerful leader" - nor·mak·ul - ling·om·isk - Nor·kul·ing "Father" - bat·uzh "Universal ruler" - all-ruler - kjhäl·lur + khom·rat·om·isk - Kjhäl·ur·khom "Black leader" - shar·ik + ling·om·isk - Shar·ik·ing·om "Red father" - kjhär·ut + phät·ush - Kjhär·u·tät "White warrior" - khiur·ik + khäl·om·isk - Khiur·i·khäl "Single Healer" - unn·rik + län·it·om·isk - Unn·rik·lan "Dark maker" - thak·iln + faur·om·isk - Þak·in·far "Light maker" - bluk·iln + faur·om·isk - Bluk·in·far "Moon singer" - tun + laul·om·isk - Tunlaulomisk - Tunlaulo "White hawk" - khuir·ik + haz - Khuirikhaz - Khuir·i·khaz "Bird song" - ki·laulin - Kilaulin "Deep one/person" - a·dit·om·isk - A·dit·om

a·dit·njat·it - Adinjat - a·din·yat

"Black lion" - shar·ik + töl - Shar·töl "Yellow" - khil·län·nik + -haakh - Khilänikhääkh

"Beautiful harmony"

Place Names

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_name_origins https://www.eda.admin.ch/aboutswitzerland/en/home/dossiers/die-schweiz-und-ihre-bergrekorde/bergnamen.html

"Blue trees" - az·al·rut + lädh·in - Azalrutlädhin "Green field" - fäz·ul·rut + ak·or - Fäzrulrutakor "Green fields" - fäz·ul·rut + ak·or·in - Fäzulrutakorin "Black field" - shar·ik + ak·or - Sharikakor -> Sharikkor "Hawk fields" - haz + ak·or·in - Hazakorin -> Hazkorin

"Big farm" - ranat + lar -> Ranatlar -> Rantlar

iron mountains - thsaam + t/k + oskin - saakoskin copper mountains - fin · t/k · oskin - finkoskin gold - oth · t/k · oskin - othkoskin

white mountsin - khiur·ik · k/t · ipsin = khiurikipsin

iron hills - thsaam · t/k ·ipsin = saamkipsin copper hills - fin · t/k · ipsin = fintipsin gold hills - oth · t/k · ipsin = othkipsin big hill - ranat · t/k · ips = ranatis

spring valley - border - coastal region - church-habitation (by) - narrow channel -